Anyone here need to know about Masterchef india winner 2010.This is the best show of cooking in India so far . Many Amature cook came at this level of Master Chef but only three survive to face the battle of the Master Chef India 2010 Grand Finale where the good cooking is possible no chance of mistake . Three contenders for the Master Chef Title Pankaj , Ridhika, And Jayanand. Master Chef is the real dream of these 3 big name Cooking experts now.
Many Amature cook came at this level of Master Chef but only three survive to face the battle of the Master Chef India 2010
As a conclusion of masterchef india winner 2010 the Master Chef India Winner 2101 is Pankaj Bhadouria
Masterchef India Winner 2010 Video
Saturday, December 25, 2010
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
What is Mesothelioma & Mesothelioma treatments option-A basic fact
Mesothelioma treatments are remains disappointing. Mesothelioma treatments have a better prognosis in early stage and in mesothelioma treatments, to find a cure is very difficult. This is the fact of mesothelioma treatments.
Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is a rare form of cancer that occur in the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs also known as mesothelium. Mesothelium is the lining of the chest, lungs, abdomen and also the heart. Mesothelioma is usually caused by exposure to the hazardous agent called asbestos. Mesothelioma is a rare disease but the symptoms strike more than 200 people each year in the United States. The symptoms of mesothelioma basically take times to appear and sometimes up to 30 years, between exposure to asbestos and the start of the disease.
Mesothelioma occurs in one per 1,000,000 of the population. The incidence rate is higher in male gender then in female. The incidence rate also increase by age. However the disease can occur in either man or women at any age. Mesothelioma is found to be in highest incidence rate in Britain, Australia and Belgium. However mesothelioma still a very rare disease.
There are three main types of mesothelioma. The highest one is pleural mesothelioma. It is called as pleural because the mesothelioma mainly affected the lining of the lungs. The incidence appeared for up to 75% for pleural mesothelioma. The other 20% of the case are peritoneal or pericardial. Peritoneal meosthelioma affects the abdomen whereas pericardial mesothelioma when it affects the heart.
The symptoms of pleural mesothelioma are related to the respiratory system which includes shortness of breath, fever, coughing up blood and breathing difficulties. The sufferers also have acute chest pain. Pleural mesothelioma is related to the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Asbestos fibers reach the lungs through the nose or mouth and they build up in the lungs. Then, they travel through the tissues. Since they are light and invisible, they become easily airborne and inhalable. When the asbestos fibers build up in the mesothelium lining, the mesothelium cells start showing abnormal behavior, thereby leading to mesothelioma. In this disease, tumors are formed in lungs and mesothelium and this may also spread to other parts of the body too.
Pericardial mesothelioma is a rare form of mesothelioma and the main site of attack is the linings of the heart. The main symptoms of pericardial mesothelioma are chest pain, breathing difficulties, fever, palpitations, tiredness and cough. Like all other types of mesothelioma, there is no cure for this type also. The only thing that doctors can do is to reduce the pain and discomfort of the symptoms and help the patients have a comfortable and peaceful death. This is called palliative care.
There are many mesothelioma treatments and mesothelioma treatments option available. mesothelioma treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The mesothelioma treatments depends on the patient's age, general health and stage of the cancer. There has been much mesothelioma research have been done to find the new treatment methods.
Mesothelioma is a bad dream to the sufferer. Not only does it take years for the symptoms to appear, but there are limited mesothelioma treatments and drugs that will prolong the lives and improved the quality of life in mesothelioma patient. Hope that this article can bring information about mesothelioma and mesothelioma treatments.
Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is a rare form of cancer that occur in the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs also known as mesothelium. Mesothelium is the lining of the chest, lungs, abdomen and also the heart. Mesothelioma is usually caused by exposure to the hazardous agent called asbestos. Mesothelioma is a rare disease but the symptoms strike more than 200 people each year in the United States. The symptoms of mesothelioma basically take times to appear and sometimes up to 30 years, between exposure to asbestos and the start of the disease.
Mesothelioma occurs in one per 1,000,000 of the population. The incidence rate is higher in male gender then in female. The incidence rate also increase by age. However the disease can occur in either man or women at any age. Mesothelioma is found to be in highest incidence rate in Britain, Australia and Belgium. However mesothelioma still a very rare disease.
There are three main types of mesothelioma. The highest one is pleural mesothelioma. It is called as pleural because the mesothelioma mainly affected the lining of the lungs. The incidence appeared for up to 75% for pleural mesothelioma. The other 20% of the case are peritoneal or pericardial. Peritoneal meosthelioma affects the abdomen whereas pericardial mesothelioma when it affects the heart.
The symptoms of pleural mesothelioma are related to the respiratory system which includes shortness of breath, fever, coughing up blood and breathing difficulties. The sufferers also have acute chest pain. Pleural mesothelioma is related to the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Asbestos fibers reach the lungs through the nose or mouth and they build up in the lungs. Then, they travel through the tissues. Since they are light and invisible, they become easily airborne and inhalable. When the asbestos fibers build up in the mesothelium lining, the mesothelium cells start showing abnormal behavior, thereby leading to mesothelioma. In this disease, tumors are formed in lungs and mesothelium and this may also spread to other parts of the body too.
Pericardial mesothelioma is a rare form of mesothelioma and the main site of attack is the linings of the heart. The main symptoms of pericardial mesothelioma are chest pain, breathing difficulties, fever, palpitations, tiredness and cough. Like all other types of mesothelioma, there is no cure for this type also. The only thing that doctors can do is to reduce the pain and discomfort of the symptoms and help the patients have a comfortable and peaceful death. This is called palliative care.
There are many mesothelioma treatments and mesothelioma treatments option available. mesothelioma treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The mesothelioma treatments depends on the patient's age, general health and stage of the cancer. There has been much mesothelioma research have been done to find the new treatment methods.
Mesothelioma is a bad dream to the sufferer. Not only does it take years for the symptoms to appear, but there are limited mesothelioma treatments and drugs that will prolong the lives and improved the quality of life in mesothelioma patient. Hope that this article can bring information about mesothelioma and mesothelioma treatments.
A brief introduction to a bad dream- what is mesothelioma ?
Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is a rare form of cancer that occur in the
protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs also known
as mesothelium. Mesothelium is the lining
of the chest, lungs, abdomen and also the heart. Mesothelioma is usually caused by exposure to the hazardous agent
called asbestos. Mesothelioma is a rare disease but the symptoms strike more
than 200 people each year in the United States. The symptoms of mesothelioma
basically take times to appear and sometimes up to 30 years, between exposure
to asbestos and the start of the disease.
The mesothelioma treatments are remains disappointing. Mesothelioma treatments have a better
prognosis in early stage and mesothelioma
treatments to find a cure is very rare. This is the fact of mesothelioma treatments.
Mesothelioma occurs in one per
1,000,000 of the population. The incidence rate is higher in male gender then
in female.The incidence rate also increase by age .However the disease can
occur in either man or women at any age.
Mesothelioma is found to be in highest incidence rate in Britain,
Australia and Belgium. However mesothelioma still a very rare disease.
There are three main
types of mesothelioma. The highest one is pleural mesothelioma .It is called as
pleural because the mesothelioma mainly affected the lining of the lungs. The
incidence appeared for up to 75% for pleural mesothelioma. The other 20% of the
case are peritoneal or pericardial .Peritoneal meosthelioma affects the abdomen
whereas pericardial mesothelioma when it affects the heart.
The symptoms of
pleural mesothelioma are related to the respiratory system which includes
shortness of breath, fever, coughing up blood and breathing difficulties. The
sufferers also have acute chest pain. Pleural mesothelioma is related to the
inhalation of asbestos fibers. Asbestos fibers reach the lungs through the nose
or mouth and they build up in the lungs. Then, they travel through the tissues.
Since they are light and invisible, they become easily airborne and inhalable.
When the asbestos fibers build up in the mesothelium lining, the mesothelium
cells start showing abnormal behavior, thereby leading to mesothelioma. In this
disease, tumors are formed in lungs and mesothelium and this may also spread to
other parts of the body too.
Pericardial
mesothelioma is a rare form of mesothelioma and the main site of attack is the
linings of the heart. The main symptoms of pericardial mesothelioma are chest
pain, breathing difficulties, fever, palpitations, tiredness and cough. Like
all other types of mesothelioma, there is no cure for this type also. The only
thing that doctors can do is to reduce the pain and discomfort of the symptoms
and help the patients have a comfortable and peaceful death. This is called
palliative care.
There are many mesothelioma treatments and mesothelioma treatments option
available. mesothelioma treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and
chemotherapy .The mesothelioma treatments
depends on the patient’s age, general health and stage of the cancer. There
has been much mesothelioma research have been done to find the new treatment
methods.
Mesothelioma is a
bad dream to the sufferer. Not only does it take years for the symptoms to
appear, but there are limited mesothelioma
treatments and drugs that will prolong the lives and improved the quality
of life in mesothelioma patient. Hope that this article can bring information
about mesothelioma and mesothelioma
treatments.
Thursday, June 3, 2010
Dermatologist Assisted Acne Treatments By Blake M Talvitz Platinum Quality Author
In the present days, acne is one of the leading causes of concern. Four major factors that influence acne are excess oil production, clogged skin pores, P.acne (bacteria causing acne) and inflammation. Varieties of clinically proven drugs & treatments are prescribed by dermatologist. These drugs show mild to severe side effects & hence should be monitored by qualified healthcare professionals.
1. Topical Antimicrobials: they are preferred in mild to moderately severe acne and are used alone or in combination with other drugs.
Azelaic acid: it acts by dropping the masses of P. acne, restricts the irregular flaking of skin cells and also reduces inflammation.
Benzoyl peroxide: It eradicates P. acne with limited or no anti-inflammatory properties.
Clindamycin: it decreases the count of P. acne in the targeted region and lessens inflammation.
Erythromycin: Topical erythromycins possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. To get double effect of anti microbial activity, erythromycin is usually combined with benzoyl peroxide.
Sodium sulfacetamide: Acts by inhibiting P.acnes and opening clogged pores, sodium sulfacetamide has also shown effects in inflammatory acnes.
2. Oral Antibiotics: One of the core treatments used for acne, antibiotics act by reducing bacterial population on the skin and reduce inflammation. Treatment with antibiotics starts with higher dose and is reduced over the time period. Dermatologists usually combine an oral antibiotic with benzoyl peroxide to decrease the chance of developing resistance towards antibiotics. Common antibiotics used are:
Erythromycin: Broad spectrum antibiotic with common side effect of G.I irritation
Tetracycline and derivatives: Tetracycline's reduce inflammatory lesions created by acne. They usually possess various side effects and should not be used on children's below 8 years of age and pregnant or breast feeding women's. Two commonly used synthetic derivatives of tetracycline are aredoxycycline and minocycline.
3. Topical Retinoids: Retinoids are derivatives of Vitamin A and are considered as foundation in Acne treatment. They are generally prescribed in mild to moderately severe acnes. Retinoids work by unclogging pores and prevent formation of whiteheads and blackheads on the skin. Common retinoids prescribed are Adapalene, Tazarotene & Tretinoin
4. Oral contraceptives: Spironolactone (synthetic steroid) has shown effects by suppressing overactive sebaceous glands. Use of these medications should be restricted in women who smoke, have complained in the past of blood-clotting disorders, are older than 35 or experienced migraine headaches.
5. Acne surgery: Drainage and Surgical Excision are the most common types of acne surgeries used in dermatologist acne treatment. These techniques are used when cyst do not respond to medications and can lead to further inflammation or infection. Other cosmetic procedures used are chemical peels and microdermabrasion.
Along with traditional methods there are other potential dermatologist acne treatments like laser and light therapies used for chronic and enduring acne. These advanced techniques work by penetrating in deep layers of skin without damaging surface of skin. These therapies have also shown improvement in skin texture & lessen the appearance of scar. Commonly used laser and light therapies include blue light therapy, Pulsed light and heat energy therapy & Diode laser therapy.
1. Topical Antimicrobials: they are preferred in mild to moderately severe acne and are used alone or in combination with other drugs.
Azelaic acid: it acts by dropping the masses of P. acne, restricts the irregular flaking of skin cells and also reduces inflammation.
Benzoyl peroxide: It eradicates P. acne with limited or no anti-inflammatory properties.
Clindamycin: it decreases the count of P. acne in the targeted region and lessens inflammation.
Erythromycin: Topical erythromycins possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. To get double effect of anti microbial activity, erythromycin is usually combined with benzoyl peroxide.
Sodium sulfacetamide: Acts by inhibiting P.acnes and opening clogged pores, sodium sulfacetamide has also shown effects in inflammatory acnes.
2. Oral Antibiotics: One of the core treatments used for acne, antibiotics act by reducing bacterial population on the skin and reduce inflammation. Treatment with antibiotics starts with higher dose and is reduced over the time period. Dermatologists usually combine an oral antibiotic with benzoyl peroxide to decrease the chance of developing resistance towards antibiotics. Common antibiotics used are:
Erythromycin: Broad spectrum antibiotic with common side effect of G.I irritation
Tetracycline and derivatives: Tetracycline's reduce inflammatory lesions created by acne. They usually possess various side effects and should not be used on children's below 8 years of age and pregnant or breast feeding women's. Two commonly used synthetic derivatives of tetracycline are aredoxycycline and minocycline.
3. Topical Retinoids: Retinoids are derivatives of Vitamin A and are considered as foundation in Acne treatment. They are generally prescribed in mild to moderately severe acnes. Retinoids work by unclogging pores and prevent formation of whiteheads and blackheads on the skin. Common retinoids prescribed are Adapalene, Tazarotene & Tretinoin
4. Oral contraceptives: Spironolactone (synthetic steroid) has shown effects by suppressing overactive sebaceous glands. Use of these medications should be restricted in women who smoke, have complained in the past of blood-clotting disorders, are older than 35 or experienced migraine headaches.
5. Acne surgery: Drainage and Surgical Excision are the most common types of acne surgeries used in dermatologist acne treatment. These techniques are used when cyst do not respond to medications and can lead to further inflammation or infection. Other cosmetic procedures used are chemical peels and microdermabrasion.
Along with traditional methods there are other potential dermatologist acne treatments like laser and light therapies used for chronic and enduring acne. These advanced techniques work by penetrating in deep layers of skin without damaging surface of skin. These therapies have also shown improvement in skin texture & lessen the appearance of scar. Commonly used laser and light therapies include blue light therapy, Pulsed light and heat energy therapy & Diode laser therapy.
Blake M Talvitz has been writing articles for 5 years, covering a number of topics such as health, fitness, home and garden, and business management. Her latest blogs are about name badge ribbons and garden swing cushions.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Blake_M_Talvitz
Antibiotics For Acne - What Are the Side Effects? By Lynsey Green Platinum Quality Author
When suffering from acne, many people choose to visit their doctor for help. I myself went to see my doctor many times when my acne flared up and each time I was prescribed a different antibiotic which never really seemed to work. After doing some research I found out what the side effects are of being prescribed antibiotics for acne and found an alternative cure that really works!
Here are the 5 most commonly prescribed antibiotics for acne and what the pros and cons of them are:
Tetracycline
This has been used to cure acne for 30 years. Tetracycline works in two different ways. It acts as an anti-inflammatory and it reduces the bacteria in the follicles and on the surfaces on the skin. The problem is, it also reduces the 'friendly bacteria' that your skin actually needs to be able to absorb nutrition. Common side effects from tetracycline are yeast infections, upset tummy (vomiting and diarrhea), and increased sensitivity to light.
Erythromycin
Unlike tetracycline, erythromycin can be eaten with food, which is useful for teenagers who eat regularly. It helps to reduce acne by reducing the proteins that allow bacteria to survive in your body. Some of the side effects of erythromycin can be quite worrying. Uneven heart beats, chest pains and dizziness are just some of them!
Minocycline
Minocycline is usually used for severe cases of acne. Again this reduces the swelling and redness of the acne. There are two main side effects of this antibiotic. Hypersensitivity and lupus/hepatitis which can cause severe joint pains and pseudotumor cerebri which is an accumulation of fluid around the brain causing sever headaches and vision problems.
Doxycycline
Doxycycline can be prescribed to patients who do not respond to more popular antibiotics such as tetracycline and erythromycin. Again, this antibiotic for acne works by affecting the growth of bacteria that causes the acne. Common side effects from doxycycline are severe diarrhea, sever stomach cramps and fever.
Clindamycin
Clindamycin is a topical antibiotic for acne that works by reducing free fatty acids on the skin which reduces the inflammatory activity in the hair follicles. Common clindamycin side effects are redness, blistering and peeling of the skin, swelling of the lips face and tongue and it can also make you feel unusually week or tired.
It is also important to remember that all antibiotics can cause vaginal yeast infections for women and all oral antibiotics can reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills.
If you don't want to risk these nasty side effects, it's best to seek a natural cure for your acne.
Here are the 5 most commonly prescribed antibiotics for acne and what the pros and cons of them are:
Tetracycline
This has been used to cure acne for 30 years. Tetracycline works in two different ways. It acts as an anti-inflammatory and it reduces the bacteria in the follicles and on the surfaces on the skin. The problem is, it also reduces the 'friendly bacteria' that your skin actually needs to be able to absorb nutrition. Common side effects from tetracycline are yeast infections, upset tummy (vomiting and diarrhea), and increased sensitivity to light.
Erythromycin
Unlike tetracycline, erythromycin can be eaten with food, which is useful for teenagers who eat regularly. It helps to reduce acne by reducing the proteins that allow bacteria to survive in your body. Some of the side effects of erythromycin can be quite worrying. Uneven heart beats, chest pains and dizziness are just some of them!
Minocycline
Minocycline is usually used for severe cases of acne. Again this reduces the swelling and redness of the acne. There are two main side effects of this antibiotic. Hypersensitivity and lupus/hepatitis which can cause severe joint pains and pseudotumor cerebri which is an accumulation of fluid around the brain causing sever headaches and vision problems.
Doxycycline
Doxycycline can be prescribed to patients who do not respond to more popular antibiotics such as tetracycline and erythromycin. Again, this antibiotic for acne works by affecting the growth of bacteria that causes the acne. Common side effects from doxycycline are severe diarrhea, sever stomach cramps and fever.
Clindamycin
Clindamycin is a topical antibiotic for acne that works by reducing free fatty acids on the skin which reduces the inflammatory activity in the hair follicles. Common clindamycin side effects are redness, blistering and peeling of the skin, swelling of the lips face and tongue and it can also make you feel unusually week or tired.
It is also important to remember that all antibiotics can cause vaginal yeast infections for women and all oral antibiotics can reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills.
If you don't want to risk these nasty side effects, it's best to seek a natural cure for your acne.
As a former acne sufferer, I want to share with you the way I finally got my clear skin with a holistic cure that cures your acne from the inside!
For more great tips on treating acne naturally, visit http://www.number-one-acne-cure.info
Visit ANTIBIOTICS FOR ACNE to find out more about curing your acne without the nasty side effects.
For more great tips on treating acne naturally, visit http://www.number-one-acne-cure.info
Visit ANTIBIOTICS FOR ACNE to find out more about curing your acne without the nasty side effects.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Lynsey_Green
Macrolide Antibiotics Uses, Side Effects, Advantages And Disadvantages By Yury Bayarski Platinum Quality Author
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics known as broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. Macrolides are derived from Streptomyces species. They have a common macrolytic lactone ring to which one or more sugars are attached. They are different from one another in their chemical substitutions on structures of various carbon atoms and the amino and neutral sugars.
Macrolides are one of the oldest classes of antibiotics. Macrolide antibiotics have been regarded among the best-tolerated antibiotics for almost 50 years. The first member of the class, Erythromycin was discovered in 1952. Newer macrolides, azithromycin, clarithromycin and dithromycin are semi-synthetic macrolides similar in structure to erythromycin. These agents have been developed to overcome the problems associated with erythromycin. The newer macrolide antibiotics offer the advantage of fewer adverse gastrointestinal effects than erythromycin and dosing regimens of only once or twice a day. The newer macrolides also have a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than erythromycin. The newest generation of macrolides, the ketolides, whose clinical use is in its early stage, are characterized by improved activity against some of the resistant strains.
Macrolides advantages and disadvantages
Macrolides disadvantages:
The newer Macrolides advantages:
Mechanism of actionThe mechanism of action of the macrolides is inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl-tRNA. This action is mainly bacteriostatic (inhibition the growth and reproduction of bacteria), but can also be bactericidal in high concentrations. Macrolides tend to accumulate within leukocytes, and are therefore actually transported into the site of infection.
Macrolides bind to the large ribosomal subunit in the vicinity of the peptidyl transferase center and cause cell growth arrest due to inhibition of protein synthesis.
Macrolides spectrum of antibacterial activity
Macrolides have activity against many gram-positive bacteria (excluding enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and have variable activity against respiratory gram-negative pathogens, Mycobacterium avium infections, gonorrhea. Macrolide antibiotics are noted for their intracellular accumulation and activity against intracellular pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella spp. Apart from antimicrobial activities, macrolides can modify host cell functions.
Clarithromycin and azithromycin have similar spectrum to erythromycin but increased activity against Hemophilus, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, and toxoplasma. Azithromycin has increased gram-negative activity, while clarithromycin has increased gram-positive activity.
Spectrum of activity:
Conditions treated with MacrolidesMacrolide antibiotics have antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria and intracellular pathogens. The spectrum of antibacterial activity combined with excellent intracellular and tissue penetration has led to the extensive use of this class of drugs in respiratory disease. Macrolide antibiotics also have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in various in vitro and in vivo model systems.
Macrolides are used to treat:
This group of antibiotics has been widely used in children for their antibacterial effects against diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumonia and Legionella.
Side effects
The macrolides are well-tolerated agents. The commonest side effects are gastro-intestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain and cramps). Side effects are more common and severe with erythromycin therapy. Azithromycin and clarithromycin have fewer gastrointestinal side effects than erythromycin.
Allergic reactions, headache, taste disturbance, eosinophilia, reversible hearing loss, and hepatotoxicity are an infrequent occurrence with all the macrolides. Macrolides should be avoided in severe liver disease due to increased risk of hepatotoxicity and altered handling. Macrolide are contraindicated if there is a history of hypersensitivity.
Erythromycin is considered safe in pregnancy and breast feeding. Clarithromycin is safe in breast feeding (pregnancy category C). The evidence for safety of azithromycin is lacking, and use is therefore inadvisable unless benefit is considered to outweigh potential harm.
Drug interactions
Macrolides are divided into 3 groups for likely occurrence of drug-drug interactions:
Macrolides are one of the oldest classes of antibiotics. Macrolide antibiotics have been regarded among the best-tolerated antibiotics for almost 50 years. The first member of the class, Erythromycin was discovered in 1952. Newer macrolides, azithromycin, clarithromycin and dithromycin are semi-synthetic macrolides similar in structure to erythromycin. These agents have been developed to overcome the problems associated with erythromycin. The newer macrolide antibiotics offer the advantage of fewer adverse gastrointestinal effects than erythromycin and dosing regimens of only once or twice a day. The newer macrolides also have a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than erythromycin. The newest generation of macrolides, the ketolides, whose clinical use is in its early stage, are characterized by improved activity against some of the resistant strains.
Macrolides advantages and disadvantages
Macrolides disadvantages:
- severe allergic skin reactions
- cardiac arrhythmias
- many drug interactions including prolonging INR
- macrolide resistance is reported for 20%30% of Streptococcus pneumoniae
The newer Macrolides advantages:
- broad antibacterial spectrum
- simple to use, convenient dosing regimens - daily or twice daily dosing regimen
- side-effect profiles (low incidence of gastrointestinal side effects). One of the most important features of the macrolide class is the excellent safety profile allowing the drug to be used broadly across all age groups
- macrolide antibiotics, as a group, are generally safe in pregnancy
- excellent tissue and intracellular penetration
- enhanced acid stabilities
Mechanism of actionThe mechanism of action of the macrolides is inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl-tRNA. This action is mainly bacteriostatic (inhibition the growth and reproduction of bacteria), but can also be bactericidal in high concentrations. Macrolides tend to accumulate within leukocytes, and are therefore actually transported into the site of infection.
Macrolides bind to the large ribosomal subunit in the vicinity of the peptidyl transferase center and cause cell growth arrest due to inhibition of protein synthesis.
Macrolides spectrum of antibacterial activity
Macrolides have activity against many gram-positive bacteria (excluding enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and have variable activity against respiratory gram-negative pathogens, Mycobacterium avium infections, gonorrhea. Macrolide antibiotics are noted for their intracellular accumulation and activity against intracellular pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella spp. Apart from antimicrobial activities, macrolides can modify host cell functions.
Clarithromycin and azithromycin have similar spectrum to erythromycin but increased activity against Hemophilus, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, and toxoplasma. Azithromycin has increased gram-negative activity, while clarithromycin has increased gram-positive activity.
Spectrum of activity:
- Gram-positive aerobes (Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (only PSSP), Group and viridans streptococci, Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium sp.). Erythromycin and clarithromycin display the best activity (clarithromycin>erythromycin>azithromycin).
- Gram-negative aerobes (H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Neisseria sp.). Newer macrolides (clarithromycin and azithromycin) have enhanced activity (azithromycin>clarithromycin>erythromycin).
- Anaerobes. Activity against upper airway anaerobes.
- Atypical bacteria. All macrolides have excellent activity against atypical bacteria including: Legionella pneumophila - DOC, Chlamydia sp., Mycoplasma sp., Ureaplasma urealyticum.
- Other bacteria. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC Ц only A and C), Treponema pallidum, Campylobacter, Borrelia, Bordetella, Brucella, Pasteurella.
Conditions treated with MacrolidesMacrolide antibiotics have antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria and intracellular pathogens. The spectrum of antibacterial activity combined with excellent intracellular and tissue penetration has led to the extensive use of this class of drugs in respiratory disease. Macrolide antibiotics also have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in various in vitro and in vivo model systems.
Macrolides are used to treat:
- Respiratory tract infections (sinusitis, pharyngitis, lower respiratory tract infections)
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Sexually transmitted diseases
- Cervicitis, urethritis
- Mycobacterial infections
- H.pylori infections (clarithromycin, as part of triple therapy)
This group of antibiotics has been widely used in children for their antibacterial effects against diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumonia and Legionella.
Side effects
The macrolides are well-tolerated agents. The commonest side effects are gastro-intestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain and cramps). Side effects are more common and severe with erythromycin therapy. Azithromycin and clarithromycin have fewer gastrointestinal side effects than erythromycin.
Allergic reactions, headache, taste disturbance, eosinophilia, reversible hearing loss, and hepatotoxicity are an infrequent occurrence with all the macrolides. Macrolides should be avoided in severe liver disease due to increased risk of hepatotoxicity and altered handling. Macrolide are contraindicated if there is a history of hypersensitivity.
Erythromycin is considered safe in pregnancy and breast feeding. Clarithromycin is safe in breast feeding (pregnancy category C). The evidence for safety of azithromycin is lacking, and use is therefore inadvisable unless benefit is considered to outweigh potential harm.
Drug interactions
Macrolides are divided into 3 groups for likely occurrence of drug-drug interactions:
- group 1 (e.g. erythromycin) are frequently involved
- group 2 (e.g. clarithromycin) are less commonly involved
- group 3 (e.g. azithromycin, dirithromycin) drug interactions have not been described
- anticoagulants
- astemizole
- bromocriptine
- carbamazepine
- cisapride
- cyclosporine
- digoxin
- disopyramide
- ergot alkaloids
- methylprednisolone
- terfenadine
- theophylline and related compounds
- triazolam
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Yury_Bayarski
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)